The Legal Edge

Judicial independence is the concept in which the judiciary needs to be kept away from the other arms of government. The court should not be subject to government influence or any other influences that may be partisan or private.   The independence of the judiciary is established under Article 159 of the Constitution of Kenya. Independence of the judiciary is a core element of modern constitutionalism and a pillar of democracy. Hon Justice Augustus Molade Akiwumi was a judge and also the second speaker of the Parliament of Ghana. History of the Judiciary: Judiciary is an arm of government that comprises a system of courts of law for the administration of justice. The first court in British East Africa was established by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1890 with A.C.W Jenner as its first judge. In 1895, the East Africa Protectorate was established with the Consular court to serve British  and other  foreign persons. However a court with jurisdiction over all pe...

  Cooperation in the EAC Common Market C o‐operation   is defined in Article 1 of the protocol for establishment of EAC to include  the undertaking by the Partner States in common, jointly or in concert, of activities undertaken in furtherance of the objectives of the Community, as provided for under the Treaty or under any contract or agreement made thereunder or in relation to  the objectives of the Community. Scope of Co-operation in the Common Market  is provided for in Article 5 where it states that the  Protocol shall apply to any activity undertaken in cooperation by the Partner States to achieve the free movement of goods, persons,  labour , services and capital and to ensure the enjoyment of the rights of establishment and residence of their  nationals within the Community. The Partner states agree  pursuant to paragraph 4 of Article 2 of this Protoco l; (a)  Eliminate  tariff, non‐tariff and technical barriers to trade ;...

  Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds are both fixed-income securities, but they have some differences in how they work.   Similarities: Both are ways for the government to borrow money from the public. Investors receive fixed interest payments over a set period of time. Differences: Structure:Treasury Bills: Issued for short periods, typically 91 days, 182 days, or 364 days , to finance short-term expenses like salaries.Treasury Bonds: Issued for longer periods , usually years, to fund various government projects. Returns (Interest Rate):Treasury Bills: The longer the period (e.g., 364 days), the higher the returns.Treasury Bonds: Offer fixed interest payments every six months until maturity. Minimum Investment:Treasury Bills: Require a minimum investment of Ksh.100,000. Treasury Bonds: May have different minimum investment requirements; Opening a CDS account with the Central Bank is necessary. Treasury Bills are typically issued weekly, with details available on the Central Ba...